Pterygium: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

What is Pterygium?

Pterygium is a common eye growth that appears on the white part of the eye. Often called “surfer’s eye,” it can spread toward the colored part of your eye. While it is not cancer, it may cause discomfort or vision problems. Many people who spend a lot of time outdoors, especially in sunny or windy places, are at higher risk. According to the World Health Organization, pterygium is more common in people living near the equator. Early detection helps prevent further issues.

Causes of Pterygium

Several factors can lead to pterygium. However, not everyone exposed to these risks will develop it. The main causes include:

Long-term exposure to sunlight, especially ultraviolet (UV) rays

Wind, dust, and dry environments

Living in sunny or tropical climates

Not wearing eye protection outdoors

Family history of pterygium

Because UV rays are a major cause, people who work or play outside should take extra care. For example, wearing sunglasses can help reduce risk.

Symptoms of Pterygium

Many people with pterygium notice a small, raised spot on the white of their eye. Still, symptoms can vary. Common pterygium symptoms include:

Redness or swelling in the eye

A visible, fleshy growth on the white part of the eye

Itching, burning, or a gritty feeling

Dryness or tearing

Blurry vision if the growth covers the cornea

Sometimes, the growth stays small and causes no problems. However, if it grows larger, it may affect your vision. In that case, you should seek medical advice.

How is Pterygium Diagnosed?

Doctors can usually diagnose pterygium with a simple eye exam. During the visit, your eye specialist will:

Look at your eyes using a special light

Check the size and location of the growth

Ask about your symptoms and lifestyle

In some cases, your doctor may use special tools to take a closer look. Rarely, they may suggest more tests to rule out other eye problems. Early diagnosis helps guide the best pterygium treatment.

Treatment Options for Pterygium

Treatment for pterygium depends on its size and symptoms. For mild cases, you may not need any treatment. However, if you have discomfort or vision changes, your doctor may suggest:

Lubricating eye drops to ease dryness and irritation

Anti-inflammatory drops to reduce redness and swelling

Protective sunglasses to prevent further growth

If the growth becomes large or affects your vision, surgery may be needed. Surgery removes the pterygium and helps restore clear sight. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, surgery is safe and effective for most people. Still, pterygium can return after surgery, so follow-up care is important.

Prevention Tips for Pterygium

While you cannot always prevent pterygium, you can lower your risk. Try these tips for preventing pterygium:

Wear sunglasses that block 100% of UV rays

Use wide-brimmed hats outdoors

Avoid dusty or windy areas when possible

Use artificial tears to keep your eyes moist

Take breaks from outdoor work or sports

Because prevention is easier than treatment, these steps can help protect your eyes. Especially if you live in a sunny climate, daily eye care matters.

When to See an Eye Specialist

If you notice any new growth, redness, or changes in your vision, see an eye specialist. Early care can prevent problems from getting worse. For example, if you have pterygium symptoms that do not improve, or if your vision becomes blurry, do not wait. Your doctor can recommend the best pterygium treatment for your needs.

If you notice any symptoms of pterygium, consult an eye specialist for personalized advice.